Data Mining is the process of discovering useful patterns, trends, and knowledge from large datasets using intelligent algorithms.

Data cleaning improves data quality by removing noise, correcting errors, and resolving inconsistencies before analysis.

DML commands such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE are used to retrieve and manipulate data in a database.

Strongly coupled and strongly cohesive systems provide fast communication and coordination, making them suitable for high-speed and real-time processing.

No employee can have a salary greater than the maximum salary returned by the subquery, so the condition is never true and COUNT(*) returns 0.

DELETE FROM students removes all rows from the table while keeping the table structure intact.

Atomicity guarantees that a transaction is either completed entirely or rolled back completely.

MongoDB is a document-oriented NoSQL database that stores data in flexible JSON-like documents.

CREATE is a DDL command used to define and create database objects such as tables, indexes, and databases.

A Candidate Key is a minimal super key because it uniquely identifies each tuple without containing unnecessary attributes.

ACID represents the four essential properties that ensure reliable and consistent database transactions.

The HAVING clause filters groups after the GROUP BY operation, whereas WHERE filters rows before grouping.

The DISTINCT keyword removes duplicate rows from the result set, ensuring that only unique records are returned.

A COMMIT ends the current transaction. In many DBMSs, a COMMIT closes all open cursors that are not declared WITH HOLD.

Metasploit is a penetration testing framework that includes modules for testing SQL Injection and other security vulnerabilities.

ALTER VIEW is used to modify or redefine an existing view. SQL does not have a standard COMPILE VIEW command.

A primary key uniquely identifies each row in a table. Therefore, it must contain unique values and cannot be NULL.

The SELECT clause specifies the columns (attributes) to be returned by an SQL query.

Mounting is the process of attaching a file system to a directory (mount point) so that it becomes accessible to the operating system.

A candidate key is a minimal super key. This means that no proper subset of it can also be a super key.

CREATE TABLE is a Data Definition Language (DDL) statement because it defines the structure of a database object.

First Normal Form (1NF) requires all attributes to be atomic. Therefore, composite attributes are decomposed into individual attributes.

In directed graph terminology, a strongly connected graph has a path between every pair of vertices. This is the expected answer in the exam context.

Normalization primarily reduces data redundancy and minimizes update anomalies, improving database efficiency and integrity.

Second Normal Form (2NF) removes partial dependencies by ensuring that every non-key attribute is fully functionally dependent on the entire primary key.

A many-to-many (M:N) relationship is implemented using a separate junction (bridge) table that stores the primary keys of the related entities.

A field (attribute) stores a single atomic data value for each record.

The 'Content' attribute contains multiple values (Python, CSS, JS), violating First Normal Form (1NF), which requires atomic values.

A composite attribute can be divided into smaller meaningful components. An address is a common example of a composite attribute.

A database instance is the actual data stored in the database at a specific point in time, whereas the schema defines its structure.

Many SQL views are not updatable, especially if they contain joins, aggregate functions, DISTINCT, or GROUP BY. A view is a virtual table.

The SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from one or more database tables.

SQL stands for Structured Query Language, the standard language used to manage relational databases.

The degree (or arity) of a relation is the number of attributes (columns) it contains.

Functional dependencies are fundamental to normalization and are used throughout the normalization process, especially in 2NF, 3NF, and BCNF.

CREATE TABLE is a Data Definition Language (DDL) statement because it defines the structure of a database object.

Coupling measures the level of interdependence or interaction between software modules. Lower coupling is generally preferred.

SQL queries can produce multiple rows (tuples), but the result of a single SQL query is always one relation (table). Therefore, the statement 'Output can be multiple tables' is incorrect.

The Set Difference (MINUS/EXCEPT in SQL) operation returns tuples that exist in one relation but not in the other.

RAID can improve disk performance and, depending on the RAID level, provide cost-effective storage and fault tolerance.

SQL query processing typically includes parsing, optimization, and execution. Since all listed steps are part of query processing, 'None' is the correct answer.

Information is processed and organized data that is meaningful and useful.

CODASYL stands for Conference on Data Systems Languages, the organization that developed the network database model.

Data integrity refers to the accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data stored in a database.

A key is one or more attributes that uniquely identify each row (tuple) in a relation.

Query is the correct spelling. In databases, a query is a request to retrieve or manipulate data.

The INSERT statement is used to add one or more new rows into a database table.

DELETE removes selected rows from a table. DROP TABLE removes the entire table structure and data.

The WHERE clause filters records by specifying a condition that the rows must satisfy.

Wildcards such as % and _ are used with the LIKE operator to search for patterns when an exact match is not known.

A view is a virtual table whose contents are defined by an SQL query. It does not store the actual data itself.

DROP TABLE permanently removes both the table structure and all its data from the database.

ON DELETE CASCADE automatically deletes related child records when a parent record is deleted, helping maintain referential integrity.

ON DELETE CASCADE propagates the delete operation from the parent table to all matching child rows.

The standard SQL syntax for creating an index is CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name(column_name).

COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, and MIN are the five standard SQL aggregate functions used to summarize data.

A subquery is enclosed in parentheses () so that it can be evaluated before the outer query.

The basic SQL SELECT syntax is: SELECT column_list FROM table_name WHERE condition.

Atomicity ensures that a transaction is treated as a single indivisible unit. If any part fails, the entire transaction is rolled back.

An entity is a real-world object or concept. 'Student' is an entity, while Roll No., Passport No., and Department ID are attributes.

First Normal Form (1NF) requires all attributes to contain atomic values, so composite attributes are decomposed into individual attributes.

CREATE TABLE is a Data Definition Language (DDL) statement because it defines the structure of a database object.

The SELECT clause specifies the columns (attributes) to be returned by an SQL query.

RAID 10 : Data is mirrored first, then striped. It is the preferred RAID level for performance and fault tolerance.

The CASE expression is mainly used to apply conditional logic within an UPDATE statement. It does not inherently improve performance or eliminate sequencing requirements, so none of the given statements is correct.