1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a heap?
2. Which data structure is used for Breadth-First Search (BFS) of a graph?
3. Which data structure is used for Depth-First Search (DFS) of a graph?
4. Which of the following is a self-balancing Binary Search Tree?
5. What is the average-case time complexity of inserting an element into a hash table?
6. Which of the following is true about a doubly linked list?
7. Which algorithm is used to find the minimum spanning tree of a graph?
8. Which data structure is typically used for implementing recursion?
9. What is the time complexity of accessing an element in an array?
10. Which of the following is true about a circular linked list?
11. What is the main advantage of a B-Tree over a Binary Search Tree?
12. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an AVL tree?
13. Which data structure is used to convert infix expressions to postfix expressions?
14. Which of the following is an application of a stack?
15. Which of the following sorting algorithms has the best average-case time complexity?
16. Which data structure is used to implement recursion?
17. In which case is a Red-Black Tree generally preferable to an AVL Tree?
18. Which of the following is NOT a type of tree traversal?
19. Which of the following is true for a complete binary tree?
20. What is the maximum number of children a node can have in a binary tree?
21. Which of the following is true about an adjacency matrix representation of a graph?
22. What is the worst-case time complexity of Linear Search?
23. Which sorting algorithm is best suited for nearly sorted data?
24. Which data structure is used in Breadth-First Search (BFS) to hold the vertices?
25. Which of the following is NOT a type of queue?
26. What is the time complexity of adding an element at the end of an array?
27. Which algorithm is commonly used to find the shortest path in a weighted graph with non-negative edge weights?
28. Which sorting algorithm is best suited for sorting a nearly sorted array?
29. Which of the following sorting algorithms is in-place and unstable?
30. Which data structure is used for implementing a double-ended queue (deque)?
31. What is the time complexity of accessing the kth smallest element in a min-heap?
32. Which data structure is best suited for storing hierarchical data?
33. Which traversal method is used in Depth-First Search (DFS) of a graph?
34. Which data structure is used to represent a sparse matrix efficiently?
35. What is the worst-case time complexity of Merge Sort?
36. Which of the following is a divide and conquer algorithm?
37. Which of the following data structures allows insertion, deletion and average-case access in constant time?
38. What is the time complexity of inserting an element into a binary heap?
39. Which of the following is NOT an application of a queue?
40. Which of the following data structures is commonly used to handle collisions in a hash table?
41. What is the time complexity of accessing an element in a singly linked list?
42. Which of the following data structures is linear?
43. Which data structure is used for Breadth-First Search (BFS)?
44. Which of the following is an application of the Stack data structure?
45. Which traversal is used in Depth-First Search (DFS)?
46. Which of the following is NOT a stable sorting algorithm?
47. Which of the following graph algorithms uses a priority queue?
48. What is the height of a balanced binary tree with n nodes?
49. Which data structure is commonly used to implement a priority queue?
50. What is the best-case time complexity of Quick Sort?
51. What does LIFO (Last In First Out) refer to?
52. Which data structure uses FIFO (First In First Out) order?
53. Which of the following is a non-linear data structure?
54. What is the worst-case time complexity of searching an element in a Binary Search Tree (BST)?
55. What is the primary advantage of a linked list over an array?
56. What is the space complexity of Breadth-First Search (BFS) for a graph with n vertices?
57. What is the time complexity of deleting an element from a linked list?
58. Which of the following data structures is best for implementing an LRU cache?
59. What is the best-case time complexity of Insertion Sort?
60. Which algorithm uses a pivot element for sorting?
61. What is the time complexity of searching for an element in a balanced Binary Search Tree (BST)?
62. What is the average-case time complexity of searching for an element in a balanced Binary Search Tree (BST)?
63. The operation of processing each element in a list is known as:
64. Which data structure is needed to convert infix notation to postfix notation?
65. A binary tree is called a full binary tree if each node has:
66. Which algorithm design technique is used in Merge Sort?
67. Which of the following sorting algorithms has a worst-case time complexity of O(n log n)?
68. What is the height of a complete binary tree with n nodes?
69. What is the space complexity of DFS using an adjacency list representation?
70. Which of the following is a balanced binary tree?
71. Which searching algorithm requires the input data to be sorted?
72. Which data structure provides the fastest average-case search operation?
73. What is the worst-case time complexity of Binary Search?
74. Which sorting algorithm is stable?
75. Which sorting algorithm is NOT comparison-based?
76. Which data structure is used in function call management?
77. What is the minimum number of edges in a tree having n vertices?
78. Which graph traversal algorithm guarantees the shortest path in an unweighted graph?
79. Which algorithm detects cycles in a graph using Disjoint Set (Union-Find)?
80. What is the maximum number of edges in a simple undirected graph with n vertices?
81. Which traversal of a Binary Search Tree (BST) produces sorted output?
82. What is the time complexity of Heap Sort in the worst case?
83. Which algorithm is used to detect cycles in a directed graph?
84. Which of the following data structures supports recursion naturally?
85. What is the balance factor of a node in an AVL Tree?
86. Which hashing technique stores colliding keys in linked lists?
87. Which algorithm is used for topological sorting?
88. Which graph representation is more memory-efficient for sparse graphs?
89. Which algorithm uses recursion extensively?
90. Which data structure is commonly used to implement Undo operations in text editors?
91. Which searching algorithm requires the input data to be sorted?
92. Which data structure provides the fastest average-case search operation?
93. What is the worst-case time complexity of Binary Search?
94. Which sorting algorithm is stable?
95. Which sorting algorithm is NOT comparison-based?
96. Which data structure is used in function call management?
97. What is the minimum number of edges in a tree having n vertices?
98. Which graph traversal algorithm guarantees the shortest path in an unweighted graph?
99. Which algorithm detects cycles in a graph using Disjoint Set (Union-Find)?
100. What is the maximum number of edges in a simple undirected graph with n vertices?
101. Which traversal of a Binary Search Tree (BST) produces sorted output?
102. What is the time complexity of Heap Sort in the worst case?
103. Which algorithm is used to detect cycles in a directed graph?
104. Which of the following data structures supports recursion naturally?
105. What is the balance factor of a node in an AVL Tree?
106. Which hashing technique stores colliding keys in linked lists?
107. Which algorithm is used for topological sorting?
108. Which graph representation is more memory-efficient for sparse graphs?
109. Which algorithm uses recursion extensively?
110. Which data structure is commonly used to implement Undo operations in text editors?
📘 Data Communication And Computer Network
111. Which protocol resolves domain names into IP addresses?
112. Which networking device can operate at multiple layers of the OSI model depending on its configuration?
113. What is the size of an IPv6 address?
114. Which IP address class uses the first octet range 192–223?
115. Which protocol is used for remote terminal login over a network?
116. Which of the following is NOT a valid IPv4 address?
117. What is the primary function of a VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)?
118. Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for converting data into a format suitable for transmission over a network?
119. Which layer of the OSI model ensures reliable end-to-end communication?
120. Which type of cable is most commonly used to connect computers to a network switch?
121. What is the primary purpose of a firewall in computer networking?
122. Which protocol is used for real-time video and audio communication over the Internet?
123. Which network topology connects devices in a closed-loop configuration?
124. Which protocol is used for secure shell access and remote command execution?
125. What is the primary characteristic of a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network?
126. Which device extends the range of a wireless network by receiving and retransmitting signals?
127. Which networking device connects two or more network segments potentially using different media and protocols?
128. Which protocol securely transfers files over a network using SSH?
129. How long is an IPv6 address?
130. What flavor of Network Address Translation (NAT) allows many users to share a single public IP address?
131. What are the two main types of Access Control Lists (ACLs)?
132. What are the two main types of Access Control Lists (ACLs)?
133. Which protocol is used to retrieve email from a mail server to a local client?
134. Which networking device regenerates signals and operates at the Physical Layer?
135. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of UDP?
136. Which topology uses a central device to connect all other devices?
137. Which device connects different networks together and operates at the Network Layer?
138. Which protocol provides an encrypted method for remote login and command execution?
139. What command is used to save the running configuration to startup configuration on a Cisco router?
140. You have 10 users connected to a 10 Mbps half-duplex hub. A server is connected at 10 Mbps half-duplex. How much bandwidth is available to each host if all communicate simultaneously?
141. Which IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard supports up to 54 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band?
142. Which Layer 1 device is commonly used to extend the coverage of a LAN segment?
143. Which protocol is used for synchronizing clocks between computer systems over a network?
144. What is the function of a network bridge?
145. Which type of IPv6 address is used for one-to-many communication?
146. Which of the following describes router functions?
147. Which of the following is NOT a valid subnet mask?
148. Which protocol is used for managing and monitoring network devices?
149. Which type of addressing is used by Ethernet networks to identify devices?
150. Which networking device combines the functions of a router and a switch?
151. Which type of network is typically used to connect computers within a single building?
152. What is the primary purpose of the Transport Layer in the OSI model?
153. What is the primary function of a network switch?
154. Why does the networking industry use the layered OSI reference model?
155. A receiving host has failed to receive all TCP segments that it should acknowledge. What can it do to improve communication reliability?
156. Routers operate at Layer __LAN switches at Layer __
Ethernet hubs at Layer __
and word processing operates at Layer __ of the OSI model.
157. What is the function of a proxy server in networking?
158. Which device connects multiple network segments and operates at the Data Link Layer of the OSI model?
159. Which protocol is used for securely browsing websites over the Internet?
160. Which protocol is used to determine the MAC address corresponding to an IP address?
161. Which network topology connects all devices to a central hub or switch?
162. Which device connects different networks and forwards packets between them?
163. What does DHCP stand for?
164. What is the primary function of a router in a network?
165. Which networking device operates at the Physical Layer of the OSI model?
166. Which protocol is used for email communication over the Internet?
167. What is the purpose of ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)?
168. Which device connects multiple networks together and operates at the Network Layer of the OSI model?
169. Which IP address class is used for multicast addresses?
170. In which network topology does each device have a dedicated point-to-point connection to every other device?
171. What is the role of ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) in networking?
172. Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for logical addressing?
173. What is the purpose of DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) in a network?
174. Which device operates at the Data Link Layer of the OSI model and filters frames based on MAC addresses?
175. Which protocol is commonly used for secure file transfer over the Internet?
176. Which of the following is an example of a public IP address?
177. What does NAT (Network Address Translation) do?
178. Which type of cable is commonly used in Local Area Networks (LANs)?
179. What is the default subnet mask of a Class C IPv4 address?
180. In networking what does the term 'latency' refer to?
181. Which of the following is a primary function of a firewall?
182. Which OSI layer is responsible for framing and physical addressing?
183. Which protocol provides reliable connection-oriented communication?
184. Which protocol is connectionless?
185. How many layers are there in the TCP/IP model?
186. Which OSI layer is responsible for routing packets?
187. Which protocol translates domain names into IP addresses?
188. Which protocol automatically assigns IP addresses to hosts?
189. What is the default port number of HTTP?
190. What is the default port number of HTTPS?
191. What is the default port number of FTP Control connection?
192. Which port is used by SSH?
193. Which protocol uses port 53?
194. Which protocol commonly uses port 25?
195. Which protocol uses port 110?
196. Which protocol uses port 143?
197. Which protocol uses port 161?
198. Which protocol uses port 23?
199. Which protocol uses port 69?
200. Which protocol uses port 67 and 68?
201. Which IPv4 address is the loopback address?
202. Which IPv4 address represents the limited broadcast address?
203. What is the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of standard Ethernet?
204. What is the maximum length of an IPv4 address?
205. How many bits are there in a MAC address?
206. Which protocol is responsible for automatic error reporting in IP networks?
207. Which command is commonly used to test network connectivity?
208. Which command displays the routing path to a destination?
209. Which command displays the local IP configuration in Windows?
210. Which protocol prevents switching loops in Ethernet networks?
211. Which switching method begins forwarding a frame before the entire frame is received?
📘 Cloud Computing
212. Which of the following is an example of a SaaS service?
213. Cloud computing relies on which of the following technologies for data management and computation?
214. Which of the following is NOT an example of cloud computing?
215. In which cloud deployment model are resources dedicated exclusively to a single organization?
216. The process of moving applications data or services to the cloud is called:
217. What does multi-tenancy mean in cloud computing?
218. Which deployment model combines public and private clouds?
219. What is the main benefit of using a Content Delivery Network (CDN)?
220. Which cloud model provides hardware and software resources over the internet?
221. What does PaaS stand for?
222. What is the function of a cloud service provider (CSP)?
223. Google Workspace is an example of which cloud service model?
224. Which of the following is a cloud deployment model?
225. Which of the following is a major benefit of cloud computing?
226. Which cloud service model provides the most control to the user over IT resources?
227. Which term describes cloud services shared by multiple organizations with common interests?
228. What is the primary focus of cloud security?
229. Which cloud computing service model provides a platform for application development and management?
230. Which cloud deployment model is operated by a third-party provider and offered to the general public?
231. What is the key advantage of cloud storage over traditional on-premise storage?
232. What is a key benefit of using Platform as a Service (PaaS)?
233. Which of the following is a common cloud storage service?
234. Which cloud service model requires the least management effort from the customer?
235. Which technology is the foundation of modern cloud computing by enabling multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical server?
236. Which of the following are essential characteristics of cloud computing?
237. Which of the following is a key characteristic of cloud computing?
238. What is a primary benefit of using cloud computing?
239. What does serverless computing mean?
240. Which of the following is an example of a public cloud service provider?
241. Which cloud service model provides virtual hardware infrastructure as a service?
242. The ability to automatically increase or decrease computing resources based on demand is called:
243. What does SLA stand for in cloud computing?
244. Which cloud model provides applications over the internet as a service?
245. Which of the following best describes cloud orchestration?
246. Which type of cloud deployment model is operated for a specific organization?
247. What is the main purpose of a hypervisor in cloud computing?
248. Which term describes the ability to scale resources up or down as needed?
249. What is a major advantage of cloud computing for businesses?
250. Which of the following is a commonly used cloud storage service?
251. What does IaaS stand for in cloud computing?
252. Which of the following is a common challenge in cloud computing?
253. Which of the following is a cloud service model?
254. Which cloud deployment model provides shared infrastructure for organizations with common interests?
255. Which of the following is a major security concern in cloud computing?
256. Which of the following is an example of a Platform as a Service (PaaS)?
257. Which cloud computing characteristic refers to monitoring and billing resource usage?
258. Which cloud layer is primarily responsible for resource pooling?
📘 Software Engineering
259. What is the first phase of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?
260. Which feasibility study determines whether the proposed system can be built using available technology?
261. Which feasibility study evaluates whether the project is financially worthwhile?
262. Which feasibility study determines whether users will accept the new system?
263. Which document formally describes the functional and non-functional requirements of a software system?
264. What does SRS stand for?
265. What type of requirement specifies system performance reliability
266. Which requirement specifies what the system should do?
267. What does UML stand for?
268. Which UML diagram describes the interaction between users and the system?
269. Which UML diagram represents object interactions over time?
270. Which UML diagram models the static structure of a system?
271. Which UML diagram is used to model workflows and business processes?
272. What does DFD stand for?
273. Which DFD level provides the highest-level overview of a system?
274. Which testing is performed by developers on individual program modules?
275. Which testing verifies interactions between integrated modules?
276. Which testing validates the complete software system?
277. Which testing is performed by end users before final release?
278. What is Regression Testing?
279. What is Smoke Testing?
280. What is Black Box Testing?
281. What is White Box Testing?
282. What is Grey Box Testing?
283. Which testing verifies software performance under heavy workload?
284. Which testing intentionally pushes a system beyond its limits?
285. What does CI/CD stand for?
286. Which version control system is most widely used today?
287. What is the main purpose of version control?
288. Which Agile framework organizes work into fixed-length iterations called Sprints?
289. What is the first phase of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?
290. Which feasibility study determines whether the proposed system can be built using available technology?
291. Which feasibility study evaluates whether the project is financially worthwhile?
292. Which feasibility study determines whether users will accept the proposed system?
293. Which document formally specifies the functional and non-functional requirements of a software system?
294. What does SRS stand for?
295. Which type of requirement specifies system performance reliability
security
and usability?
296. Which type of requirement specifies what the software should do?
297. What does UML stand for?
298. Which UML diagram illustrates interactions between users and the system?
299. Which UML diagram shows object interactions arranged in time sequence?
300. Which UML diagram represents the static structure of a software system?
301. Which UML diagram is used to model workflows and business processes?
302. What does DFD stand for?
303. Which DFD level provides the highest-level overview of a system?
304. Which testing is performed by developers on individual program units?
305. Which testing verifies the interaction between integrated modules?
306. Which testing validates the complete integrated software system?
307. Which testing is performed by customers or end users before software acceptance?
308. What is Regression Testing?
309. What is Smoke Testing?
310. What is Black Box Testing?
311. What is White Box Testing?
312. What is Grey Box Testing?
313. Which testing evaluates software performance under expected workload?
314. Which testing evaluates software behavior beyond normal operating limits?
315. What does CI/CD stand for?
316. Which version control system is most widely used today?
317. What is the primary purpose of version control?
318. Which Agile framework organizes work into fixed-length iterations called Sprints?
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