The invention of the transistor revolutionized electronics and computing.

• It replaced bulky and unreliable vacuum tubes, making devices much smaller and more efficient.
• Transistors consume less power and generate less heat, increasing reliability.
• It enabled the development of modern computers, smartphones, and digital systems.
• It made possible the creation of integrated circuits (ICs) and microprocessors.
• It contributed to the rapid growth of the information technology industry.

Conclusion:
Without the transistor, today’s advanced technology, including computers, mobile devices, and the internet, would not exist. Hence, it truly changed the world.

S= A⊕B⊕Cin
Cout= AB+Cin(A⊕B)

Normalization in Database:
Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. It divides large tables into smaller related tables and defines relationships between them.

Goals of Normalization:
• Eliminate duplicate data
• Ensure data consistency
• Improve database structure

Common Normal Forms:
• 1NF → Remove repeating groups
• 2NF → Remove partial dependency
• 3NF → Remove transitive dependency

Before Normalization (Unnormalized ER/Table):
Problem:
• Data redundancy (same student & course repeated)
• Update anomaly
• Insertion/deletion problem

After Normalization (ER Diagram):

• STUDENT and COURSE are separate tables (normalized)
• ENROLLMENT table removes redundancy and maintains relationship
• No redundancy
• Better structure
• Easy update, insert, delete

Logic Circuit:

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
    int n, i;
    float x, sum = 1, term = 1;
    printf("Enter value of x: ");
    scanf("%f", &x);
    printf("Enter number of terms: ");
    scanf("%d", &n);
    // Calculate series
    for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
        term = term * x / i;   // x^i / i!
        sum = sum + term;
    }
    printf("Value of e^x = %.4f\n", sum);
    return 0;
}